VITAMIN B5 [PANTOTHENIC ACID]
Functions: As a constituent of coenzyme A, pantothenic acid is essential to several reactions in metabolism. An example is the combination of coenzyme A with acetate to form acetyl-coenzyme A [active acetate] participate in a number of metabolic processes. Coenzyme A has also an essential function in lipid metabolism. Activation of some amino acids may also involve coenzyme A. The important function for this vitamin in metabolism, involving as it does the utilization of carbohydrate, fat and protein with various acetylation reactions.
Effects of deficiency: Dermatitis, vomiting, enteritis, alopecia [bald of hair], and muscle cramps, postural hypotension, tachycardia and “burning feed syndrome”. Treatment: Pantothenic acid 20-100 mg/day.
Effects of excess: No toxic effects reported.
Requirements: Recommended Daily Amount [RDA] 6 mg.
Sources: Eggs, liver, yeast, lean meats, whole grain, vegetables and fruits.
VITAMIN B6 [PYRIDOXINE].
Functions: Form prosthetic group of certain decarboxylaces and transaminaces .Converted in the body into pyridoxal phosphate and pyridoxamine phosphate. Helps build body tissue and aids in metabolism of protein.
Effects of deficiency: Convulsions, hyperirritability, muscular weakness, nausea and vomiting of pregnancy, acne and other dermatologic disorder. Treatment: pyridoxine 100 mg/day or in combination with vitamin B1 and B12 such as neurobion tablet which contains: vitamin B1 100 mg, B6 200 mg and B12 200 micro-grams/tablet. Treatment: Neurobion twice one tablet daily, or administration of pyridoxine twice 200 mg daily..
Effects of excess: Long term mega-doses may cause nerve damage in hands and feet.
Requirements: RDA 2.0 mg
Sources: Fish, poultry, lean meats, banana, dried beans, whole grains, avocados.
VITAMIN B7 [BIOTIN]
Functions: Involved in metabolism of protein, fats and carbohydrates.
Effects of deficiency: Nausea, vomiting, depression, alopecia [hair loss or bald of hair], and dermatitis. Treatment: 1-2 mg vitamin B7 daily.
Effects of excess: No toxic effects reported.
Requirements: RDA 150 micro-grams.
Sources: Liver, legume, yeast and whole grain products.
VITAMIN B9 [FOLIC ACID, FOLATE].
Functions: Involved in red blood cells formation, aids in genetic material development or reproduction, important metabolic process in the body, growth.
Effects of deficiency: Sprue [absorption from and motility of the small intestine are impaired], gastrointestinal disorders, anemia particularly in premature infants and pregnant women, cracks on lips. Treatment: The average dose is 5-10 mg per day, produces a prompt hemopoietic [producing red blood and white blood cells] response which is parallel by striking clinical response.
Effects on excess: mild symptoms in large doses.
Requirements: RDA For Nutritional Labeling of Food Products 200 micro-grams.
Sources: Green leafy vegetables, beans, dried peas, and lentils.
VITAMIN B12 [COBALAMIN]
Functions: Nervous system function, normal development of red blood cells, aids in cell development, and the metabolism of protein and fat.
Effects of deficiency: Pernicious anemia, nervousness, fatigue, neuritis and in some cases brain degeneration. Treatment: Intramuscular injection 1000 micro-grams daily continuing until deficiency relief. Neurobion tablet twice daily.
Effects of excess: No toxic effect reported.
Requirements: RDA 3 micro-grams.
Sources: liver, meats, sea-foods and milk products
VITAMIN C [ASCORBIC ACID].
Functions: Essential for matrix structure of bones, cartilage, muscle and blood vessels , dentin, collagen of fibrous tissue structure, helps maintain capillaries and gums structure. Act as antioxidant in cell metabolism. Play a role in endowing the organism with increased powers of resistance. Aids in absorption of iron.
Effects of deficiency: Mild symptoms include apathy, anorexia, fatigability and loss of strength; in more severe cases there is tenderness of extremities and gums with hemorrhage tendency. Scurvy: Bleeding and swollen of gums, the teeth become loose and fragile. Slow wound healing, subcutaneous hemorrhage occur upon slight injury. Hemorrhage is predominating feature of the disease, and when it occurs internally it is frequently the cause of death. Treatment: Per oral 1000 mg/tablet twice daily after meal. In severe cases intramuscular injection solution of 1-2 % vitamin C, 5 ml twice daily for weeks.
Effects of excess: Vitamin C has a brief, pronounced laxative effect when taken in large amounts, typically n the range of 5-20 grams per day in divided doses for a person in normal “good health”, although seriously ill people, may take 100-200 grams without inducing vitamin poisoning.
Requirements: RDA for Nutritional Labeling of Food Products 60 mg.
Sources: Citrus fruits, berries, and vegetables-especially potatoes and peppers.
Monday, December 21, 2009
Friday, December 18, 2009
LIST OF WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS
THE LIST OF WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS:
by function, effects of deficiency, effects of excess, requirements and sources.
by function, effects of deficiency, effects of excess, requirements and sources.
Water soluble vitamins usually be used by the body right away. If the concentration in the blood are higher, those vitamins will be excreted through the urine. Vitamin B12 is the water soluble vitamin that can be stored in the liver. Water soluble vitamins consist of vitamins B-Complex and vitamin C:
VITAMIN B1 [Thiamine]
Functions: Use for carbohydrate metabolisms, digestion, normal function of striated muscles, cardiac muscle and nervous systems.
Effects of deficiency: Lost of strength of the quadriceps muscle; loss of vibration sense: first of the toes and later of the malleoli [ankle] and tibias. Tenderness of the calves and hyperesthesia of the feet. Diminution and loss of the Achilles tendon and patellar reflexes first, in the stage of polyneuritis of “dry beriberi". Edema of the shins, ankles and knee joints, found in “wet beriberi”. Enlarged heart with dependent edema and elevated venous pressures: poor response to rest and administration of digitalis unless thiamine is given. This is the late manifestation of severe deficiency [beriberi heart]. Treatment: 50 mg twice daily until relief of symptoms.
Effects of excess: No case reported, high doses are excreted by the kidney.
Requirements: 1.5 mg per day.
Sources: Liver, whole grains, unrefined cereal grains, yeast.
VITAMIN B2 [RIBOFLAVIN]
Functions: Constituent of flavor-proteins, helps body release energy from protein, carbohydrates and fat metabolism.
Figure 1: Photophobia,epiphora and scleral injection in riboflavin deficiency.
Source: Cecil & Loeb. A TEXTBOOK OF MEDICINE. W.B.Saunders
Company,Philadelphia,USA,1959,p 548.
Effects of deficiency: Photophobia, epiphora and scleral injection. Cheilitis: Excessive and 
irregular wrinkling of the lips. Angular stomatitis, various combinations of erythema [redness] and open fissuring in the angles of the mouth .Magenta tongue: A purplish red coloring with moderate edema and flattening of fili-form papillae. Treatment: 5 mg three times daily for weeks.
Effects of excess: No toxic effects reported.
Requirements: 1.6 mg daily.
Sources: Liver, milk, whole grains, eggs, yeast and green leafy vegetables.
irregular wrinkling of the lips. Angular stomatitis, various combinations of erythema [redness] and open fissuring in the angles of the mouth .Magenta tongue: A purplish red coloring with moderate edema and flattening of fili-form papillae. Treatment: 5 mg three times daily for weeks.Effects of excess: No toxic effects reported.
Requirements: 1.6 mg daily.
Sources: Liver, milk, whole grains, eggs, yeast and green leafy vegetables.
Fig. 2: Cheilitis and photophobia in riboflafin deficiency.
Source: Ibid.
VITAMIN B3 [NIACIN,NICOTINIC ACID] .
Functions: As a constituent of coenzyme for carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. It is also has cholesterol lowering effects.
Fig. 3: Glossitis of nicotinic acid deficiency
Source: Opcit
Effects of deficiency: Glossitis: edema of the tongue, shown by dental indentation. Increase redness of the tongue: Scarlet red in severe acute deficiency, beefy red in chronic states. Congestion and hypertrophy of papillae of the tongue, followed by fusion and atrophy.
Pellagrous dermatitis: Erythema [redness], rough scaling with ulceration and formation of bullae [ bag of plasma], affecting primarily areas of the skin exposed to light; namely wrists, calf, ankles, neck and face; observed in severe deficiency [pellagra[, and frequently associated with diarrhea and dementia. Treatment: Acute deficiency state: 100 mg niacin-amide twice daily for weeks, chronic state: 100 mg of niacin-amide twice daily over a prolonged period.
Effects of excess: No case reported
Requirements: 20 mg daily
Sources: Meat, dairy products, poultry eggs, peanuts, fish.
Effects of excess: No case reported
Requirements: 20 mg daily
Sources: Meat, dairy products, poultry eggs, peanuts, fish.
Fig. 4: Pellagrous dermatitis of hands in nicotinic acid
deficiency.
Source: Opcit.
Source: Opcit.
[CONTINUED]
Sunday, November 29, 2009
ESSENTIAL VITAMINS
ESSENTIAL VITAMINS
Vitamins were discovered when it was observed that diets adequate in calories, protein and essential amino acids, fats and minerals failed to maintain health. The term vitamin has now come to refer to any organic dietary constituent necessary for life, health and growth, which does not function by supplying energy.
Early studies of the vitamins emphasized the more obvious pathological changes which occurred when animals were maintained on vitamin-deficient diets. Increased knowledge of the physiologic role of vitamin has enabled attention to be concentrated on the metabolic defects which occur when these substances are lacking, and we may therefore refer to the biochemical changes as well as the anatomic lesions which are characteristic of the various vitamin deficiency states.
Before the chemical structures of the vitamins were known it was customary to identify these substances by letters of the alphabet. This system gradually being replaced by a nomenclature based on the chemical nature of the compound or a description of its source or function.
The vitamins are generally divided into 2 major groups fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins, which are usually found associated with the lipids of natural foods, include vitamins A, D, E, and K. The vitamins of the B complex and vitamin C comprise the water-soluble group.
THE LIST OF FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS by function, effects of deficiency, effects of excess, requirements and sources or nutrients as follows:
1. VITAMIN A [RETINOL].
Function: The maintenance of the integrity of epithelial tissues or membranes of respiratory, alimentary, genito-urinary tracts, and in the cornea and conjunctiva are an important function of vitamin A. The specific role of vitamin A in the physiologic normal mechanism of vision. Healthy skin, strong teeth and bones in children, maintaining resistance to infection. It was the identification of vitamins A, C, and E as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in biochemistry of living organisms.
Effects of deficiency: Xerosis of conjunctiva: Thickening with loss of transparency, infrequently associated with small foam-like plaques called Bitot’s spots. Papular eruptions of pilo-sebaceous follicles: A grater-like feel, which in early stages resembles gooseflesh but, when more fully developed, presents the picture of keratosis pilaris. Xerosis of the skin: Dryness, scale-like and crinkling, In extreme cases resembling alligator skin. Follicular conjunctivitis: Hypertrophy of the follicles, particularly of the lower eyelids. Night blindness. Keratomalacia: Thickening with subsequent ulceration and necrosis of cornea, present only in most severe and advanced of deficiency. Since the lack of vitamin A interferes with the process of ovulation, an adequate dietary supply of vitamin A is necessary for normal process of ovulation and fertility. Treatment: Give vitamin A, 20 000 units twice daily.
Effects of excess: Hypervitaminosis A, this disorder is rare in adults. The minimal toxic adult dose is about 75 000 units daily for 6 months. Clinical findings: Anorexia, loss of weight, hair loss, hyperostosis and periostal elevation of bone, hepato-megaly [enlarged of liver], spleno-megaly [enlarged of spleen], anemia and skin rash. Treatment: Withdraw the medicinal source.
Requirements: The recommended daily allowances [RDA] for adults are 5000 I.U. [or U.S.P. units], during pregnancy and lactation, 6000-8000 I.U.
Sources: It is present in leafy green and yellow fruits and vegetables, whole milk, butter, eggs, fish, or liver oil.
VITAMIN D [CALCIFEROL].
Functions: The vitamins D are sterols formed in the skin by ultraviolet irradiation of plant sterol precursors. Aids in bone and tooth formation. Strong bones; regulation of the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the digestive tract.
Effects of deficiency: Avitaminosis D is usually due to inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight, or absorption defect. Clinical findings: Lack of vitamin D leads to osteomalacia in children [rickets]. In adults: osteomalacia due to calcium loss from bones. Treatment of rickets in children is 3500 units daily are adequate. Adult osteomalacia treatment usual doses is 50 000-100 000 units daily, large doses are necessary to compensate renal loses of phosphate.
Effects of excess: This hypervitaminosis D is usually caused by prolonged ingestion of more than 100 000 units daily. Clinical findings: The manifestations of hyper-calcemia are present and may progress to renal damaged and metastatic calcification. Treatment: Withdraw the medicinal source. Complete recovery will occur if over-treatment is discontinued in time.
Requirements: For children and for women during pregnancy and lactation, 400 units are recommended. The daily allowances for adults are not known.
Sources: Cod liver oil, sardines, herring, salmon, tuna, milk and milk products, liver and eggs. The action of sunlight on the skin allows our body to manufacture vitamin D.
VITAMIN E [TOCOPHEROL]
Function: The most striking characteristic of the vitamin E is their antioxidant property. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are easily attacked by molecular oxygen, resulting in formation of peroxides, the tocopherols prevent this. Normal brain function, formation of red blood cells, maintaining some enzyme, normal cellular structure, protection against pollutants.
Effects of deficiency: Weak muscles and infertility. Heart muscle is affected like skeletal muscle by vitamin E deficiency. In male shows testicular atrophy and may failure of spermatogenesis. In female, ovarian function is normal, but there is partial failure of implantation, and the fertilized ova successfully implanted grow and develop only to a certain stage, at which time the fetuses show generalized hemorrhage, die, and are aborted or resolved. Administration of vitamin E during the first half of gestation permits normal fetal development and parturition. The normal resistance of red blood cells to rupture is reduced in vitamin E deficiency. The dietary liver necrosis is the result of simultaneous lack of selenium and of vitamin E. A lack of one or the other alone produces relatively mild chronic diseases. Treatment: Give vitamin E 100 mg twice daily.
Effects of excess: There is a slight risk of overdose, because vitamin E is fat soluble, and usually limited intake of fat.
Requirements: RDA 10 mg daily.
Sources: Eggs, vegetable oils, nuts, soy-beans, broccoli, sprouts, spinach, whole-wheat products.
VITAMIN K [PHYLLOQUINONE]
Function: The vitamins K are chemical compounds which are necessary for prothrombin synthesis by the liver and so are important in the blood coagulation mechanism.
Effects of deficiency: Avitaminosis K results from liver disease which interferes with synthesis of prothrombin, inadequate bile supply with poor absorption, or ingestion of drugs which depress prothrombin synthesis such as coumarins, salicylates. Bleeding disorders in new born infants and those on blood-thinning medication, Treatment: Give 2-5 mg daily is capable of correcting most deficiency.
Effects of excess: Hypervitaminosis K : Large doses of vitamin K to infants, particularly premature infants, may cause hemolytic anemia, hyper-bilirubinemia, hepatomegaly, and even death. Treatment: Withdraw the medication source.
Requirements: 1-2 mg daily.
Sources: Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, soybeans, green leafy vegetables, dairy products.
Vitamins were discovered when it was observed that diets adequate in calories, protein and essential amino acids, fats and minerals failed to maintain health. The term vitamin has now come to refer to any organic dietary constituent necessary for life, health and growth, which does not function by supplying energy.
Early studies of the vitamins emphasized the more obvious pathological changes which occurred when animals were maintained on vitamin-deficient diets. Increased knowledge of the physiologic role of vitamin has enabled attention to be concentrated on the metabolic defects which occur when these substances are lacking, and we may therefore refer to the biochemical changes as well as the anatomic lesions which are characteristic of the various vitamin deficiency states.
Before the chemical structures of the vitamins were known it was customary to identify these substances by letters of the alphabet. This system gradually being replaced by a nomenclature based on the chemical nature of the compound or a description of its source or function.
The vitamins are generally divided into 2 major groups fat-soluble and water-soluble. The fat-soluble vitamins, which are usually found associated with the lipids of natural foods, include vitamins A, D, E, and K. The vitamins of the B complex and vitamin C comprise the water-soluble group.
THE LIST OF FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS by function, effects of deficiency, effects of excess, requirements and sources or nutrients as follows:
1. VITAMIN A [RETINOL].
Function: The maintenance of the integrity of epithelial tissues or membranes of respiratory, alimentary, genito-urinary tracts, and in the cornea and conjunctiva are an important function of vitamin A. The specific role of vitamin A in the physiologic normal mechanism of vision. Healthy skin, strong teeth and bones in children, maintaining resistance to infection. It was the identification of vitamins A, C, and E as antioxidants that revolutionized the field and led to the realization of the importance of antioxidants in biochemistry of living organisms.
Effects of deficiency: Xerosis of conjunctiva: Thickening with loss of transparency, infrequently associated with small foam-like plaques called Bitot’s spots. Papular eruptions of pilo-sebaceous follicles: A grater-like feel, which in early stages resembles gooseflesh but, when more fully developed, presents the picture of keratosis pilaris. Xerosis of the skin: Dryness, scale-like and crinkling, In extreme cases resembling alligator skin. Follicular conjunctivitis: Hypertrophy of the follicles, particularly of the lower eyelids. Night blindness. Keratomalacia: Thickening with subsequent ulceration and necrosis of cornea, present only in most severe and advanced of deficiency. Since the lack of vitamin A interferes with the process of ovulation, an adequate dietary supply of vitamin A is necessary for normal process of ovulation and fertility. Treatment: Give vitamin A, 20 000 units twice daily.
Effects of excess: Hypervitaminosis A, this disorder is rare in adults. The minimal toxic adult dose is about 75 000 units daily for 6 months. Clinical findings: Anorexia, loss of weight, hair loss, hyperostosis and periostal elevation of bone, hepato-megaly [enlarged of liver], spleno-megaly [enlarged of spleen], anemia and skin rash. Treatment: Withdraw the medicinal source.
Requirements: The recommended daily allowances [RDA] for adults are 5000 I.U. [or U.S.P. units], during pregnancy and lactation, 6000-8000 I.U.
Sources: It is present in leafy green and yellow fruits and vegetables, whole milk, butter, eggs, fish, or liver oil.
VITAMIN D [CALCIFEROL].
Functions: The vitamins D are sterols formed in the skin by ultraviolet irradiation of plant sterol precursors. Aids in bone and tooth formation. Strong bones; regulation of the absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the digestive tract.
Effects of deficiency: Avitaminosis D is usually due to inadequate dietary intake, lack of sunlight, or absorption defect. Clinical findings: Lack of vitamin D leads to osteomalacia in children [rickets]. In adults: osteomalacia due to calcium loss from bones. Treatment of rickets in children is 3500 units daily are adequate. Adult osteomalacia treatment usual doses is 50 000-100 000 units daily, large doses are necessary to compensate renal loses of phosphate.
Effects of excess: This hypervitaminosis D is usually caused by prolonged ingestion of more than 100 000 units daily. Clinical findings: The manifestations of hyper-calcemia are present and may progress to renal damaged and metastatic calcification. Treatment: Withdraw the medicinal source. Complete recovery will occur if over-treatment is discontinued in time.
Requirements: For children and for women during pregnancy and lactation, 400 units are recommended. The daily allowances for adults are not known.
Sources: Cod liver oil, sardines, herring, salmon, tuna, milk and milk products, liver and eggs. The action of sunlight on the skin allows our body to manufacture vitamin D.
VITAMIN E [TOCOPHEROL]
Function: The most striking characteristic of the vitamin E is their antioxidant property. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are easily attacked by molecular oxygen, resulting in formation of peroxides, the tocopherols prevent this. Normal brain function, formation of red blood cells, maintaining some enzyme, normal cellular structure, protection against pollutants.
Effects of deficiency: Weak muscles and infertility. Heart muscle is affected like skeletal muscle by vitamin E deficiency. In male shows testicular atrophy and may failure of spermatogenesis. In female, ovarian function is normal, but there is partial failure of implantation, and the fertilized ova successfully implanted grow and develop only to a certain stage, at which time the fetuses show generalized hemorrhage, die, and are aborted or resolved. Administration of vitamin E during the first half of gestation permits normal fetal development and parturition. The normal resistance of red blood cells to rupture is reduced in vitamin E deficiency. The dietary liver necrosis is the result of simultaneous lack of selenium and of vitamin E. A lack of one or the other alone produces relatively mild chronic diseases. Treatment: Give vitamin E 100 mg twice daily.
Effects of excess: There is a slight risk of overdose, because vitamin E is fat soluble, and usually limited intake of fat.
Requirements: RDA 10 mg daily.
Sources: Eggs, vegetable oils, nuts, soy-beans, broccoli, sprouts, spinach, whole-wheat products.
VITAMIN K [PHYLLOQUINONE]
Function: The vitamins K are chemical compounds which are necessary for prothrombin synthesis by the liver and so are important in the blood coagulation mechanism.
Effects of deficiency: Avitaminosis K results from liver disease which interferes with synthesis of prothrombin, inadequate bile supply with poor absorption, or ingestion of drugs which depress prothrombin synthesis such as coumarins, salicylates. Bleeding disorders in new born infants and those on blood-thinning medication, Treatment: Give 2-5 mg daily is capable of correcting most deficiency.
Effects of excess: Hypervitaminosis K : Large doses of vitamin K to infants, particularly premature infants, may cause hemolytic anemia, hyper-bilirubinemia, hepatomegaly, and even death. Treatment: Withdraw the medication source.
Requirements: 1-2 mg daily.
Sources: Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach, soybeans, green leafy vegetables, dairy products.
Wednesday, November 11, 2009
CHECK LIST EFFECTS EXCESS OF MINERALS
TABLE: CHECK LIST EFFECTS EXCESS OF MINERALS FOR GROUP OF DISEASES.
========================
No NAME.... a b c d e f g h i j k
------------------------------------------
1 Calcium......- - + + - - - - - - -
2 Magnesium.- - + + - - - - - - -
3 Potassium...+ - - + - - + - - - -
4 Sodium........- - - - - - - - - + +
5 Phosphorus..- - + + + - - - - - +
6 Sulfur...........- - - + + - - - - - -
7 Chlorine........- - - - - - - - - + +
8 Manganese...- - + + - + - - + - -
9 Iron..............- - + + - - - - - + -
10 Iodine..........- - + + - - - + - - -
Trace minerals..............................
11 Bismuth........- - - + - - + - - - -
12 Boron...........- - - - - - - - - - -
13 Cobalt..........+ - + - - - - + - + +
14 Chromium....- - + - + - - - - - +
15 Copper..........- - + + - - - - - - -
16 Fluorine........- - - - - + - + - - -
17 Germanium...- - - + + - - - - - +
18 Lithium.........- - + + + - + + - - -
19 Molybdenum. - - - - - - - - - - -
20 Nickle..........+ + + - - - - + - + +
21 Selenium......- - + + - + - + - - +
22 Silicon..........- - - - - - - - - - -
23 Tin...............+ - + - - - - - - - +
24 Vanadium....- - + + - - - - - - -
25 Zinc.............+ - + - - - - - + + -
=========================
Footnote: Column variables are:
a=Cardiovascular diseases; b=Cancer;
c=Gastrointestinal; d=Central nervous system;
e=Kidney or renal; f=Bone and teeth;
g=Muscle and tendon; h=Endocrine; i=Reproductive;
j=Blood; k=Skin,hair and nail.
Positive + sign=there is effect; negative - sign=no effect
Comment on the list of Excess of minerals on group of diseases:
There are a few excess minerals effect on cardiovascular diseases as follows:
a. Potassium: Abnormal heart beat
b. Cobalt: It may damage the heart muscle.
c. Nickel: Lower pulse rate, heart failure if very high intake [from
50 000 to 100 000 times daily intake].
d. Tin: Palpitations.
e. Zinc: May produce atherosclerosis.
There is only one minerals excess effects for cancer that is
Nickel: Cancer of the sinuses, throat and lung when insoluble nickel compounds are inhaled for long period of time.
The main effects of excess or toxic of minerals are on the gastrointestinal, they are: Calcium, potassium, phosphor, sulfur, manganese, iron, iodine, cobalt, chromium, copper, lithium, nickel, selenium, tin, vanadium and zinc.
The second main effects of excess or toxic of minerals are on the central nervous system, they are: Calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, iron, iodine, bismuth, copper, germanium, lithium, selenium, and vanadium.
========================
No NAME.... a b c d e f g h i j k
------------------------------------------
1 Calcium......- - + + - - - - - - -
2 Magnesium.- - + + - - - - - - -
3 Potassium...+ - - + - - + - - - -
4 Sodium........- - - - - - - - - + +
5 Phosphorus..- - + + + - - - - - +
6 Sulfur...........- - - + + - - - - - -
7 Chlorine........- - - - - - - - - + +
8 Manganese...- - + + - + - - + - -
9 Iron..............- - + + - - - - - + -
10 Iodine..........- - + + - - - + - - -
Trace minerals..............................
11 Bismuth........- - - + - - + - - - -
12 Boron...........- - - - - - - - - - -
13 Cobalt..........+ - + - - - - + - + +
14 Chromium....- - + - + - - - - - +
15 Copper..........- - + + - - - - - - -
16 Fluorine........- - - - - + - + - - -
17 Germanium...- - - + + - - - - - +
18 Lithium.........- - + + + - + + - - -
19 Molybdenum. - - - - - - - - - - -
20 Nickle..........+ + + - - - - + - + +
21 Selenium......- - + + - + - + - - +
22 Silicon..........- - - - - - - - - - -
23 Tin...............+ - + - - - - - - - +
24 Vanadium....- - + + - - - - - - -
25 Zinc.............+ - + - - - - - + + -
=========================
Footnote: Column variables are:
a=Cardiovascular diseases; b=Cancer;
c=Gastrointestinal; d=Central nervous system;
e=Kidney or renal; f=Bone and teeth;
g=Muscle and tendon; h=Endocrine; i=Reproductive;
j=Blood; k=Skin,hair and nail.
Positive + sign=there is effect; negative - sign=no effect
Comment on the list of Excess of minerals on group of diseases:
There are a few excess minerals effect on cardiovascular diseases as follows:
a. Potassium: Abnormal heart beat
b. Cobalt: It may damage the heart muscle.
c. Nickel: Lower pulse rate, heart failure if very high intake [from
50 000 to 100 000 times daily intake].
d. Tin: Palpitations.
e. Zinc: May produce atherosclerosis.
There is only one minerals excess effects for cancer that is
Nickel: Cancer of the sinuses, throat and lung when insoluble nickel compounds are inhaled for long period of time.
The main effects of excess or toxic of minerals are on the gastrointestinal, they are: Calcium, potassium, phosphor, sulfur, manganese, iron, iodine, cobalt, chromium, copper, lithium, nickel, selenium, tin, vanadium and zinc.
The second main effects of excess or toxic of minerals are on the central nervous system, they are: Calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sulfur, manganese, iron, iodine, bismuth, copper, germanium, lithium, selenium, and vanadium.
Thursday, October 22, 2009
CHECK LIST DEFICIENCY MINERALS ON GROUP OF DISEASES
src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js">
CHECK LIST EFFECTS DEFICIENCY OF MINERALS ON GROUP OF DISEASES.
========================
No Name.........A B C D E F G H I J K
_________________________
I. Macro-minerals.........................
1. Calcium........- - - + - + + - - + -
2. Magnesium..+ - - + + - + + - + -
3. Potassium....+ - + + - - + - - + -
4. Sodium.........- - + + + + + - - + -
5. Phosphorus...- - + + - + + - - - -
6. Sulfur...........+ - - + + - - + + + -
7. Chlorine........- - + - - - + - - - +
8. Manganese....- - - + - + + + - - +
9. Iron...............- - - - - - - - - + -
10. Iodine..........+ - - + - - - + - - +
II. Trace-minerals...................
11. Bismuth........+ - + - - + - - - - -
12. Boron............- - - - - + - + ++ -
13. Cobalt...........- - + + - - + - - + -
14. Chromium....- - - + - - - + - + -
15. Copper..........- - - - - - - - - + -
16. Fluorine........- - - - - + - - - - -
17. Germanium..+ + - - - + - - - + -
18. Lithium........+ - + ++ - - + - - -
19. Molybdenum+ - + - - - - - + - -
20. Nickel..........+ - + + - - - + + ++
21. Selenium......+ + - - - - + - + - -
22. Silicon..........- - - - - + - - - - +
23. Tin...............+ - - + - - - + - - -
24. Vanadium.....- - - - + - - + + - -
25 . Zinc..............- - - - - - - - - - +
=========================
Footnote: The name group of diseases by column variable
and label: A=Cardiovascular; B=Cancer; C=Gastrointestinal;
D=Central nervous system; E=Renal or kidney; F=skeleton
Or bone and teeth; G=muscle; H= Endocrine; I=Reproductive ;
J=Blood; K=Skin, hair and nail.
Sign + =there is effect; - sign= no effect
APPLICATION OF THIS TABLE:
1. To day the ranking of prevalence of diseases are: First is cardiovascular diseases; second is cancer.
2. There are few minerals deficiency effect the cardiovascular diseases: Magnesium, potassium, sulfur, iodine, bismuth, germanium, lithium, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, and tin.
3. There are 2 minerals deficiency positive effect increase risk of the cancer: Germanium and selenium.
4. These information as inputs for preventive and treatment of the cardiovascular and cancer diseases.
5. The other diseases which are effected by minerals deficiency look at the above table.
6. The effects deficiency of minerals for cardiovascular diseases as follows:
I Macro-minerals:
a. Magnesium: coronary heart disease, formation of clots in the heart.
b. Potassium: cardiac irregularities, slow irregular heart beat.
c. Sulfur: lowering heart beat and power.
II Trace minerals:
d. Bismuth: heartburn.
e. Germanium: atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases.
f. Lithium: heartburn
g. Nickel: specifically affects the left coronary artery, resulting in vasodilatation with low level and vasoconstriction with high level
h. Selenium: Heart attack.
i. Tin: low cardiac output [left].
There are 3 essential minerals deficiency most dangerous to cardiovascular diseases as follows:
1.Magnesium: Coronary heart diseases, formation of clots in the heart.
2.Germanium: Atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases.
3.Selenium: Heart attack
Tuesday, October 20, 2009
LIST OF MINERALS: REQUIREMENT AND EXCES IN MG/DAY
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TABLE: THE LIST OF ESSENTIAL MINERALS BY REQUIREMENTS AND EXCESS IN MG/DAY.
==========================
No Minerals….Requirements Excess
---------------------------------------------
I Macro-min... ………………. ……….......
1 Calcium ….. ..…1000.00..... 2000.00
2 Magnesium.. ... 400.00...... 1000.00
3 Potassium…. ..2000.00..... 5000.00
4 Sodium……. … 1100.00..... 6000.00
5 Phosphorus... …800.00..... 1500.00
6 Sulfur……... … 1000.00 .……….
7 Chlorine…... …3000.00 .……….
8 Copper……. ….......2.00 …......15.00
9 Manganese...….....5.00 .........30.00
10 Iron……….. …….10.00 .......300.00
11 Iodine……... ….… 0.20 ...........2.00
II Trace min…. ………………... .……….
12 Bismuth…… …....0.03 …....525.00
13 Boron……... ..….20.00 .……….
14 Cobalt…….. ……..0.004 .…....0.025
15 Chromium… ……0.20 .….......1.00
16 Fluorine…… …….4.00 ......500.00
17 Germanium.. …..2.00.... 1000.00
18 Lithium…… …….0.10 ......1500.00
19 Molybdenum …..0.05 …......10.00
20 Nickel…….. ……..0.70 ….....50.00
21 Selenium….. …….0.07 ….......0.75
22 Silicon…….. ……..5.00 …...350.00
23 Tin………… …....20.00 …...250.00
24 Vanadium…. .....0.10 …....100.00
25 Zinc……….. …...20.00 ….....75.00
========================
Foot note: Macro-min= Macro-minerals;
Trace-min= Trace-minerals
Excess of sulfur, Chlorine and Boron are not available.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
LIST OF ESSENTIAL MINERALS BY FUNCTION...CONTINUED 4
LIST OF ESSENTIAL MINERALS BY FUNCTION... CONTINUED 4
Selenium
Function: A mineral associated with antioxidant properties and fat metabolism. It is an antioxidant that works closely with vitamin E in actions like production of antibodies, binding of toxic metals like mercury, amino acid metabolism and promotion of normal body growth and fertility. Selenium protects the cell “machinery” that generates energy. It is also necessary for the production of prostaglandins, substances which affect blood pressure and platelet aggregation. It protects membranes, reduce risk of cancer, enhances immune system, protects against heart disease.
Effects of deficiency: It is associated with premature aging, heart attack, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, infertility and increased risk of cancer.
Effects of excess: More than 750 micrograms; Diabetes, garlic breath odor, immune impairment, loss of hair and nails, irritability, skin lesions, tooth decay, nausea, weakness, yellowish skin.
Requirements: 0.07 mg [70 micrograms]/day.
Sources: Sea-foods and organ meats
Silicon
Function: It is needed for the bone and connective tissues of the body such as tendons, cartilage, blood vessels, nails, skin and hair. It works with calcium to make strong bones so it is an important factor in osteoporosis and can help with faster mending of broken bones. It has been found helpful for preventing cardiovascular disease. It is probably best known as the “beauty mineral” for helping maintain strong, healthy nails, hair and skin.
Effects of deficiency: Silicon deficiency first shows as brittle or easily broken nails and dry, and can finally lead to structural abnormality of the long bones and the skull.
Effects of excess: No case have been reported.
Requirements: 2-5 mg/day
Sources: Unrefined grains of high fiber contents and cereal products.
Tin [Sn]
Function: Tin is associated with iodine; tin supports the adrenals, and iodine supports the thyroid, with both subsequently affecting cardiac output: Tin + adrenals control the left side, and iodine + thyroid control the right side.
Positive health effects were numerous and included improvements with some forms of depression and fatigue, and a general increase in energy, well-being and mood. There were also benefits with certain types of headaches, insomnia, asthma, or improvements with digestion, skin, or various aches and pains.
Effects of deficiency: Fatigue, depression, low cardiac output [left], low adrenals, shortness of breath, asthma, headaches, insomnia. In animals, low tin results in poor growth, alopecia/bilateral hair loss, hearing loss and reduced feeding efficiency.
Effects of excess: Skin rash, stomach complaints, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, palpitations.
Requirements: Daily requirement intake [DRI] : none, suggested 10-20 mg daily. Therapeutic Range: 25-250 mg..
Sources: Tin / canned foods, cereal grains, dairy, meat, vegetables, seaweed, licorice, some toothpastes.
Vanadium [V]
Function: Vanadium is required for glucose tolerance factor, for proper development of bones, cartilage and teeth and for cellular metabolism.
In human studies, daily insulin requirements in Type I diabetes decreased by as much as 14 % , and in Type II diabetics, there was an increase in insulin sensitivity observed following vanadium treatments using either vanadyl sulfate or sodium metavanadate. According to some sources, supplementing vanadium has the potential to improve athletic performance because of the anabolic effect of vanadyl sulfate being similar to insulin[supposedly resulting in higher liver and muscle glycogen stores], however the validity of that claim is not universally accepted.
Effects of deficiency: It may be linked to reproductive problems and kidney disease; supplementation with vanadium may assist with diabetes.
Effects of excess: It may include anything from various aches and pains and flu-like symptoms , to eventually it causing all kinds of bizarre, chemical imbalance. It can also cause a very noticeable green discoloration of the tongue.
Requirements: Recommended dietary allowance [RDA]: none.
Suggested 100 micrograms. Therapeutic Range : 1-100 mg.
Sources: Vegetable oils, fats, black pepper, seafood.
Zinc [Zn]
Function: Presence in enzymes, carbonic anhydrase and insulin substantiates its essentialness
Effects of deficiency: Unknown in human; rat show evidence of deficiency by impaired growth with definite changes in the skin and fur.
Effects of excess: Unknown from diet; zinc stearate powder: A severe irritation of the respiratory mucous membranes is produced by aspiration with resulting congestion, hyperemia, edema, and obstruction of bronchioles with mucous. Powder containing zinc stearate should never be used for infants and small children.
If intake 75 mg/day: Gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea, bleeding in stomach, abdominal pain fever and anemia; premature birth and stillbirth. May produce atherosclerosis.
Requirement: 12-20 mg daily.
Sources: Similar to iron: liver, red meat, egg yolk, legumes, whole grains and dark green vegetables; but more abundant in milk.
Selenium
Function: A mineral associated with antioxidant properties and fat metabolism. It is an antioxidant that works closely with vitamin E in actions like production of antibodies, binding of toxic metals like mercury, amino acid metabolism and promotion of normal body growth and fertility. Selenium protects the cell “machinery” that generates energy. It is also necessary for the production of prostaglandins, substances which affect blood pressure and platelet aggregation. It protects membranes, reduce risk of cancer, enhances immune system, protects against heart disease.
Effects of deficiency: It is associated with premature aging, heart attack, muscular dystrophy, cystic fibrosis, infertility and increased risk of cancer.
Effects of excess: More than 750 micrograms; Diabetes, garlic breath odor, immune impairment, loss of hair and nails, irritability, skin lesions, tooth decay, nausea, weakness, yellowish skin.
Requirements: 0.07 mg [70 micrograms]/day.
Sources: Sea-foods and organ meats
Silicon
Function: It is needed for the bone and connective tissues of the body such as tendons, cartilage, blood vessels, nails, skin and hair. It works with calcium to make strong bones so it is an important factor in osteoporosis and can help with faster mending of broken bones. It has been found helpful for preventing cardiovascular disease. It is probably best known as the “beauty mineral” for helping maintain strong, healthy nails, hair and skin.
Effects of deficiency: Silicon deficiency first shows as brittle or easily broken nails and dry, and can finally lead to structural abnormality of the long bones and the skull.
Effects of excess: No case have been reported.
Requirements: 2-5 mg/day
Sources: Unrefined grains of high fiber contents and cereal products.
Tin [Sn]
Function: Tin is associated with iodine; tin supports the adrenals, and iodine supports the thyroid, with both subsequently affecting cardiac output: Tin + adrenals control the left side, and iodine + thyroid control the right side.
Positive health effects were numerous and included improvements with some forms of depression and fatigue, and a general increase in energy, well-being and mood. There were also benefits with certain types of headaches, insomnia, asthma, or improvements with digestion, skin, or various aches and pains.
Effects of deficiency: Fatigue, depression, low cardiac output [left], low adrenals, shortness of breath, asthma, headaches, insomnia. In animals, low tin results in poor growth, alopecia/bilateral hair loss, hearing loss and reduced feeding efficiency.
Effects of excess: Skin rash, stomach complaints, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, palpitations.
Requirements: Daily requirement intake [DRI] : none, suggested 10-20 mg daily. Therapeutic Range: 25-250 mg..
Sources: Tin / canned foods, cereal grains, dairy, meat, vegetables, seaweed, licorice, some toothpastes.
Vanadium [V]
Function: Vanadium is required for glucose tolerance factor, for proper development of bones, cartilage and teeth and for cellular metabolism.
In human studies, daily insulin requirements in Type I diabetes decreased by as much as 14 % , and in Type II diabetics, there was an increase in insulin sensitivity observed following vanadium treatments using either vanadyl sulfate or sodium metavanadate. According to some sources, supplementing vanadium has the potential to improve athletic performance because of the anabolic effect of vanadyl sulfate being similar to insulin[supposedly resulting in higher liver and muscle glycogen stores], however the validity of that claim is not universally accepted.
Effects of deficiency: It may be linked to reproductive problems and kidney disease; supplementation with vanadium may assist with diabetes.
Effects of excess: It may include anything from various aches and pains and flu-like symptoms , to eventually it causing all kinds of bizarre, chemical imbalance. It can also cause a very noticeable green discoloration of the tongue.
Requirements: Recommended dietary allowance [RDA]: none.
Suggested 100 micrograms. Therapeutic Range : 1-100 mg.
Sources: Vegetable oils, fats, black pepper, seafood.
Zinc [Zn]
Function: Presence in enzymes, carbonic anhydrase and insulin substantiates its essentialness
Effects of deficiency: Unknown in human; rat show evidence of deficiency by impaired growth with definite changes in the skin and fur.
Effects of excess: Unknown from diet; zinc stearate powder: A severe irritation of the respiratory mucous membranes is produced by aspiration with resulting congestion, hyperemia, edema, and obstruction of bronchioles with mucous. Powder containing zinc stearate should never be used for infants and small children.
If intake 75 mg/day: Gastrointestinal irritation, vomiting, nausea, bleeding in stomach, abdominal pain fever and anemia; premature birth and stillbirth. May produce atherosclerosis.
Requirement: 12-20 mg daily.
Sources: Similar to iron: liver, red meat, egg yolk, legumes, whole grains and dark green vegetables; but more abundant in milk.
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